FIVE Electronics and TeleCommunication Seminar Topics

• Infrared Plastic Solar Cell
• Solar Mobile Charger
• Paper Battery
• Easy-To-Swallow Wireless Telemetry
• Bio Battery

1. Infrared Plastic Solar Cell

ABSTRACT:

Nanotechnology is the nexus of sciences. Nanotechnology is the engineering of tiny machines - the projected ability to build things from the bottom up using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, highly advanced products. It includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties. As the pool of available resources is being exhausted, the demand for resources that are everlasting and eco-friendly is increasing day by day. One such form is the solar energy. The advent of solar energy just about solved all the problems. As such solar energy is very useful. But the conventional solar cells that are used to harness solar energy are less efficient and cannot function properly on a cloudy day. The use of nanotechnology in the solar cells created an opportunity to overcome this problem, thereby increasing the efficiency. This paper deals with an offshoot in the advancement of nanotechnology, its implementation in solar cells and its advantage over the conventional commercial solar cell.

In order to the miniaturization of integrated circuits well into the present century, it is likely that present day, nano-scale or nano electronic device designs will be replaced with new designs for devices that take advantage of the quantum mechanical effects that dominate on the much smaller ,nanometer scale . Nanotechnology is often referred to as general purpose technology. That is because in its mature form it will have significant impact on almost all industries and all areas of society. It offers better built, longer lasting, cleaner, safer and smarter products for the home, for ammunition, for medicine and for industries for ages. These properties of nanotechnology have been made use of in solar cells. Solar energy is really an abundant source that is renewable and pollution free. This form of energy has very wide applications ranging from small household items, calculators to larger things like two wheelers, cars etc. they make use of solar cell that coverts the energy from the sun into required form.

2. Solar Mobile Charger

ABSTRACT:

It works on the principle that when light falls on the solar cell, electron -hole pairs are created in the n-type emitter and in the p-type base.The generated electrons (from the base) and holes (from the emitter) then diffuse to the junction and are swept away by the electric field, thus producing. Certain modules are selected and worked out to suitable specifications. The development of solar charger goes from the fundamental level like soldering lamination and making the panel etc. The developed charger is planned for 6 Volts with ma capacity at bright sunlight and step down to 5Volts using regulator.In the report, the detailed experimental characteristics of mobile charger are noted.

Solar energy is the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process . The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation that does reaches the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today . The radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living plants and animals whose life was dependent upon the sun. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be examined, as well as the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar energy is currently applied to will be noted.

Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. At night or during heavy cloudcover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the collector will be quite small. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is usually added, too, for the situations when the amount of energy required is greater than both what is being produced and what is stored in the container

3.Paper Battery

ABSTRACT:

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor , combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce 2.5 volt s of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.

4.Easy-To-Swallow Wireless Telemetry

ABSTRACT:

A recent article gives a good history of capsules clinical implementation. The design of wireless capsules they have been called “endoradiosondes,” “capsules,” “smart pills,” “electronic “radio pills,” “wireless capsules,” “wireless Herein we will use the term “electronic pill” when referring early development, electronic pill and thus have a limited number of been ultra-high-frequency (UHF) around 400 MHz. technologies for wireless Given Imaging. The pill uses the transmission in the medical implant communication MHz). The allowable channel bandwidth for this band is 300 kHz. It is difficult enough data rate for the high It is quite obvious that future electronic pills will target transmission that could facilitate pill technology is the wireless system design of the wireless telemetry unit for the electronic challenges and developments for successful based electronic pills. endoscopy) for a Figure 1.1 A wireless endoscope monitoring system. Easy-To-Swallow Wireless CHAPTER 1 Introduction from their early development to began in the 1950s. Since endoscopy,” “video capsules,” and so forth. to this technology. Sin designs have been based on narrowband camera pixels. Commonly used frequency values have One of current endoscope devices is commercially available by .

Zarlink’s radio frequency (RF) chip service (MICS) band (4 high-quality video data at the moment for realis highertransmission a better diagnosis. An important feature of the electronic utilized. This article reviews recent attempts in the pill technology and implementation of high-resolution Figure 1.1 shows an electronic pill system medical monitoring system Telemetry 1 then, pills,” Since its transmission state-of-the-art the company ’s for wireless 402–405 to assign -time monitoring. -bandwidth data also discusses videoshows (i.e., wireless endoscopy) for a medical monitoring system.

5.Bio Battery

ABSTRACT:

When a glucose solution is poured into the white cubes, the Walkman begins to play. When an isotonic drink is poured in, a propeller starts to spin. In the summer of 2007, the Sony-developed bio battery was announced in newspapers, magazines, and TV reports, and evoked a strong response. Carbohydrates (glucose) are broken down to release energy and generate electricity. This bio battery, which is based on mechanisms used in living organism, is not only friendly to the environment but also has great potential for use as an energy source.

This prototype bio battery has achieved the world’s highest power output of 50 mW*2 when employed for a passive type*1 system. These research results were published at the 234th American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition in August 2007 and earned respect from an academic point of view.

Sony successfully demonstrated bio battery powered music playback with a memory type Walkman and passive speakers (which operate on power supplied by the Walkman) by connecting four bio battery units in series. The case of this bio battery, which is made from an organic plastic (polylactate), is designed to be reminiscent of a living cell.

Plants create both carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water. Animals take up those carbohydrates and oxygen and utilize them as an energy source and release carbon dioxide and water. Then this cycle starts again. Since the carbon dioxide is recycled in this system, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does not increase. If electrical energy could be directly acquired from this cycle, we could obtain more environmentally friendly energy than that from fossil fuels. Furthermore, renewable energy sources such as glucose (which is present in plants and therefore abundantly available) have an extremely high energy density. One bowl of rice (about 100 grams) is equivalent to 160 kilocalories, which corresponds to the energy about 64 AA alkaline dry cells. Therefore, this bio battery, which is based on Energy for activity, that is the ATP and thermal energy commonly used in the living organism, can be obtained from the exchange of the electrons and protons through these two enzymatic reactions. To take advantage of this living organism mechanism, the energy for activity from inside the organism must be removed outside the organism as electrical energy.

That is, when the electrons and protons move from enzyme to enzyme, it is necessary to extract just the electrons and divert them through a separate path. Thus Sony used an electron transport mediator so that electrons could be exchanged smoothly between the enzymes and the electrodes that are the entrance and exit to that detour. The principles of the bio battery are based on the energy conversion mechanism in living organisms. However, in order to create the bio battery, several technologies needed to be developed.

These include immobilization of enzymes that are normally incompatible with carbon and metal electrodes, electrode structures, and electrolytes. mechanisms used in living organisms, is not only friendly to the environment but is also likely to be of practical use as an energy source. Sony has focused on these advantages since 2001 and has developed an electrical power generation device that uses mechanisms similar to those in living organisms.