A continent possesses distinct characteristics of diverse
1. Physical features
2. Climate conditions
3. Natural vegetation
4. Mineral resources
5. Human habitations
6. Cultural norms
7. Ancient ethic and linguistic groups and huge area.
All these above distinctive continental characteristics are found in India. Hence India is called a sub – continent.
2. Unity in diversity- explain
The following points prove that there is unity in diversity in India.
1. India has unique land forms ranging from highest peak Mt K2 to lowest coastal plain.
2. The climate of India varies from tropical to temperate zone.
3. India an ideal habitant for a variety of flora and fauna.
4. India has wet dense forest to the desert vegetation.
5. In India so many religions, cultural and language diversity are found.
6. Inspite of several diversity people shed their differences and stand united as Indian. When there is a crisis .
Ex. Kargil Invasions.
3. . Mention the importance of Himalayas
1. Himalayas prevents the South – west monsoon winds cause rainfall and snowfall.
2. Himalayas forms a natural boundary for the sub – continent.
3. It is permanently frozen and prevents foreign invasion.
4. The Himalayas are source of many perennial rivers like Indus and Ganges.
5. Many hill resorts and religious centers are found in Himalayas.
6. It is also the home for many plants and animal species.
4. Analyse any two factors determining the climate of India?
The two factors determining the climate of India are the winds and position of mountains.
Winds :
i) When winds blow from sea to land they bring warm temperature and when they blow from land to sea they
bring dry temperature.
ii) In India the South west monsoons and North East Monsoon alternate between summer and winter and
influence the climate of India.
Mountains:
i) Position of mountains play a vital role in determining the climate of India.
ii) The Himalayas abstract the bitter cold wind from central Asia to India and prevent the rain bearing
South west monsoon from going beyond, thus resulting in heavy rainfall in India.
iii) The Aravalli range being parallel to the South west monsoon resulting in dry conditions on the
western side of Rajasthan.
5. Describe any one of the branches of South- west Monsoon:
Two branches of South – West monsoon winds are as follows:
1. Arabian sea branch
2. Bay of Bengal branch
Bay of Bengal Branch:
1. The bay of Bengal branch of south west monsoon is a moisture bearing wind.
2. It strikes against the Kasi, Garo and jointed hills and causes heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji
3. A part of this branch gets deflected by Himalayas and moves towards the west giving rain to Gangetic
plains.
4. As it moves further it gives scanty rainfall to Punjab and Haryana.
5. It finally meets the Arabian ses branch at the foot hills of Himalayas and give heavy rainfall along the
Siwaliks.
6. Describe Rain water Harvesting :
1. India experiences Tropical monsoon type of climate.
2. In which the available rain is seasonal erratic and not uniform.
3. So the tap this available rain water, rain water harvesting is done..
4. It is an activity of direct collection and storage of rain water in the water tanks for future withdrawal.
5. In order to prevent surface run off the rain water is harvested by letting it through pipes into domestic
wells.
7. Write the importance of forest?
1. Forests provide valuable timber for domestic and commercial use and raw material for industries.
2. It supplies such as Lac, Gum, Resins, Tanning materials, medicines, herbs, honey and spices.
3. Export of forest products earns valuable foreign exchange.
4. It helps in dairy forming and developing tourism.
5. It controls air pollution, soil erosion, floods and land reclamation.
6. It maintain underground water table.
7. It provides a natural habitat for animals and birds.
8. Discuss any three current challenges in India agriculture ?
1.Indian agriculture is a gamble of monsoon . Monsoons are irregular unevenly distributed and
uncertain . So agriculture is influenced.
2. Rapid increase in the construction work of Industries and residential buildings reduce the extend of
cultivatable lands.
3. Global climatic changes affects agriculture through their direct and indirect effects on the crops, soil,
livestock and pests.
9. Describe the factors encouraging cotton textile Industry in Mumbai :
Mumbai is known as the Manchester of India .
It is the leading cotton textile centre.
1. The port facilities for the export of finished goods.
2. It is well connected through rail and road links with cotton growing areas.
3. Humid coast climate favours yarning.
4. Capital goods and finance are available in Mumbai.
5. Manpower is in plenty.
10. Write about Air pollution.
1. Air pollution is a contamination of air by the discharge of harmful subsistence.
2. Air pollution can have serious effects on the health of the human beings.
3. Every time when we breath in we inhale dangerous substances.
4. Volcanic eruption, wind erosion, pollen disposal, evaporation of organic compounds are the natural
causes of air pollution.
5. It resulted in Ozone depletion global warming or green house effects and acid rain.
11. Classify the Indian Roads and explain:
1. Village roads: link villages with towns , They are maintained by village Panchayats.
2. District Roads: links the towns with district headquarters .They are maintained by the
corporations and municipalities
3. State highways: links the safe capitals with different district headquarters. The roads are constructed and
maintained by the sate public works department.
4. National Highways: Links the states capital with national capital. They are the primary road system of our
country.
5. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: is a major Road development project launched by Government of
India.
6. Express ways: , 7. Border Roads, 8. International Highways
12. Write about Remote sensing technology?
1. Remote sensing can be defined as the collection of data about an object from a distance.
2. Geographers use the remote sensing as a tool to monitor or measure phenomena on the Earth‟s
lithosphere. Hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
3. Remote sensing is done with a help of mechanical devices called sensor.
4. These sensors have greatly improved ability to receive and record information about an Earth‟s object
without any physical contact.
5. Often these sensors are positioned in helicopter, planes and satellites.
6. The sensors record information about an object by measuring the electromagnetic energy that is reflected
back and radiated from the object on the Earth‟s surface.
13. Explain the various components of Remote sensing.
The four basic components of a remote sensing are
1. Target 2. Energy source 3. Transmission path 4. And a sensor.
Target : is a object or material that is being imaged.
Energy source : Provides electromagnetic energy to the target.
Transmission path : Transmit information from the target to sensor.
Sensor : is device to detect the electromagnetic radiation.
14. Explain the process involved in the remote sensing Technology
Sun is an energy
The first requirement for remote sensing is energy source , it provides electromagnetic energy to the
target things .
Sunrays and atmosphere :
As the energy travels from its source to the target it will come into contact with and also interact with
the atmosphere.
Sunrays and objects on earth: :
Once energy makes its way to the target through atmosphere it interacts with the target.
Recording of Energy by the Sensor:
After energy has been scattered or emitted the target the sensor collects and records the
electromagnetic radiation. Transmission, reception and processing.
Transmission, Reception, and processing
The energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted. It is transmitted to a receiving and
processing station . Here the data are processed into an image.
Interpretation and Analysis & Application
15. What are the advantages of remote sensing?
1. It has the ability to provide a synoptic view of a wide area in a single frame.
2. It detect features of inaccessible areas that cannot be reached human vision.
3. Cheaper and rapid method of acquiring data and continuous information over a geographical area
4. It helps the planners for formulating policies and programmes to achieve the holistic functioning of the
environment.
5. It enable the cartographers to prepare Thematic maps with a great speed and accuracy Ex. Geographical
maps.
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